The economy forecast

Nominal GDP

This Forecast in-depth page has been updated with information available at the time of the March 2023 Economic and fiscal outlook.

Most public discussion of economic prospects focuses on real GDP. But nominal GDP – and its composition by income and expenditure – is more important for understanding the behaviour of the public finances. For example, VAT is levied on the nominal price of goods and services, so VAT receipts are closely linked to nominal consumption spending. Increases in nominal investment also affect receipts by raising use of capital allowances, thereby reducing corporation tax receipts in the short term. As a large proportion of public spending is set out in multiyear cash plans (public services, grants and administration, and capital spending) or linked to measures of inflation (including benefits, tax credits and interest on index-linked gilts), it tends to fluctuate as a share of GDP when economic fluctuations cause nominal GDP to rise or fall. Nominal GDP is also the denominator when calculating fiscal aggregates as a share of national income, including those that are the subject of the Government’s fiscal targets.

Our nominal GDP forecast reflects all the judgements we make about prospects for real GDP and the GDP deflator, which are explained in other parts of this guide.  While the forecast is primarily driven by the expenditure measure of GDP, our forecast of the income composition of nominal GDP is a key driver of our forecast for public sector receipts and acts as a useful diagnostic on the overall nominal GDP forecast.

Boxes

Within each of our key publications we include topical ‘boxes’. These self-contained analyses are unique to this publication and tend to cover recent developments in the economy or public finances that complement the main discussion of our analyses.

Rewriting history: Blue Book 2014

Rewriting history: Blue Book 2014
Revisions to National Accounts data are a normal part of the Blue Book process, which reconciles the different measures of GDP and incorporates information from annual data sources. The 2014 Blue Book contained particularly large changes because it was the first time that the National Accounts were published on an ESA10 accounting basis. This box set out some of the key changes in Blue Book 2014 and their impact on some of the key economy variables.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP, Economic data revisions

Cross-cutting categories: Data revisions, Blue Book

Quarterly National Accounts consistent with Blue Book 2011 implications

Revisions to National Accounts data are a normal part of the Blue Book process, which reconciles the different measures of GDP and incorporates information from annual data sources. This box set out the key differences between the vintage of data used for the purposes of the October 2011 Forecast Evaluation Report and the data consistent with the 2011 Blue Book.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP, GDP by expenditure, Economic data revisions, GDP by income, Real GDP

Cross-cutting categories: Data revisions, Blue Book

The source of inflation and its fiscal consequences

Line chart showing terms of trade and stacked bar chart showing inflation in 2023
In our November 2023 forecast we expect inflation to be both more persistent and more domestically generated than in March. In this box we explored the reasons behind our assessment for inflation to be more domestically rather than externally driven and its implications for the public finances.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP, Inflation, Interest rates, GDP deflator, Output gap, Gas prices

Fiscal categories: Departmental spending, Welfare spending

Cross-cutting categories: Fiscal drag and price uprating

Rewriting history: the 1990s recession and recovery

Rewriting history: the 1990s recession and recovery
Revisions to National Accounts data are a normal part of the Blue Book process, which reconciles the different measures of GDP and incorporates information from annual data sources. This box explored how the estimated path of the 1990s recession and recovery evolved from estimates made in the 1992 Blue Book to estimates made in the 2011 Blue Book.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP, Economic data revisions, Real GDP

Cross-cutting categories: Data revisions, Blue Book

External agencies’ forecast evaluations

External agencies’ forecast evaluations
Each autumn, we publish our Forecast evaluation report (FER), a detailed examination of the performance of past economic and fiscal forecasts relative to the latest outturn data. This box discussed the OECD's and Bank of England's forecast errors, their explanations for these errors, and the lessons forecasters have learnt from the errors.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP, Inflation

Cross-cutting categories: External forecasts

Lower-than-expected growth in 2010-11

Lower-than-expected growth in 2010-11
UK GDP had grown less quickly in 2010-11 than the OBR forecast in June 2010. This box decomposed the forecast error by expenditure component and discussed possible explanations, including the external inflation shock.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP, GDP by expenditure, Government consumption, Business investment, Residential investment, Net trade, Household consumption, Oil prices

How has the story changed since last year?

How has the story changed since last year?
In our 2012 Forecast Evaluation Report, we noted that nominal GDP had held up closer to our June 2010 forecast than real GDP, helping to explain why our fiscal forecasts out to 2011-12 had remained broadly on track. This box in our 2013 Forecast Evaluation Report discussed how this assessment changed in light of revisions to GDP data. While nominal GDP now appeared to be weaker than forecast, the relatively tax-rich components - such as nominal consumption and wages and salaries - held up relatively well.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP, GDP by expenditure, Economic data revisions, Real GDP, GDP deflator

Cross-cutting categories: Data revisions

Employment and per capita GDP growth over the past five years

As part of our economic forecast, we produce forecasts for total employment and GDP per capita based on ONS population projections. Relative to our June 2010 forecast, employment in 2015 was 1 million higher than expected and GDP per capita over the period increased by 4.5 per cent lower. This box from our July 2015 Economic and fiscal outlook examined the reasons for these forecast errors.

Economy categories: Labour market, Employment and unemployment, Nominal GDP

Oil prices and the economy

An important economic development in the run-up to our March 2015 Economic and fiscal outlook was the sharp drop in oil prices, which had fallen to less than half the $115-a-barrel peak that they had reached in June 2014. In this box we considered the channels along which those lower oil prices were likely to affect the UK economy. (See also Box 2.1 from that EFO for a discussion of the demand- and supply-side factors contributing to lower oil prices.)

Economy categories: Nominal GDP, Oil prices

Fiscal categories: Receipts, Oil and gas revenues

Blue Book 2021 revisions and other post-forecast developments

Chart 2.B: Real GDP revisions: over pandemic and annual since 1998
As we closed our pre-measures forecast earlier than usual at October Budget 2021, our forecast did not include the Quarterly National Accounts released on 30 September 2021, which contained Blue Book 2021 consistent revisions. This box examined the potential implications that including the latest data may have had on our forecast. We judged that the data revisions and other developments since we closed our forecast would have largely offset one another, leaving our economic forecast broadly unchanged.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP, Economic data revisions, Real GDP

Cross-cutting categories: Data revisions, Blue Book

The fiscal mix and output

The fiscal mix and output
Economic theory suggests that tax and spending can impact output directly, such as expenditure on infrastructure, or indirectly, such as influencing the decisions of households and firms. This box explored the empirical evidence on whether tax and spending has a level (temporary) effect on output growth, or a growth (permanent) effect.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP, GDP by expenditure, Government consumption

Fiscal categories: Receipts

Monetary policy, output and employment in alternative scenarios

In our central forecast, interest rates are assumed to evolve in line with financial market expectations. For alternative economic scenarios which involve different paths for the output gap and inflation, it is useful to specify rules for the way monetary policy is set and for how output and employment will respond. In this box, we set out the rules that governed those relationships in the scenarios we analysed in the March 2011 Economic and fiscal outlook: a persistent inflation scenario and a weak euro scenario.

Economy categories: Labour market, Employment and unemployment, Nominal GDP, Inflation, Output gap

Cross-cutting categories: Monetary policy

Why have receipts recovered so strongly in the wake of the pandemic?

Chart 3.A: Real GDP and tax revenues: October forecast versus outturn
Since our October 2021 EFO the real economy has performed largely as expected in 21-22 but tax receipts have come in well above that forecast. In this box, we examined reasons why tax receipts have recovered so quickly particularly in comparison to economic data.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP

Fiscal categories: Receipts, VAT, Income tax, Corporation tax

Cross-cutting categories: Coronavirus

Economic cycles and the long-term projections

Economic cycles and the long-term projections
In our 2015 Fiscal sustainability report, we assumed that GDP grows in line with its historical trend. This in effect implied 47 years of uninterrupted trend economic growth in our central projections. This box considered the alternative paths for debt as a share of GDP under an symmetric and asymmetric cycle, highlighting the sensitivity of the net debt projections to economic cycles.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP, Output gap

Fiscal categories: Public sector net debt, Primary balance

Non-seasonally adjusted nominal GDP

Non-seasonally adjusted nominal GDP
Our March 2016 Economic and fiscal outlook forecast was affected by an unusual quarterly profile of GDP growth on the non-seasonally adjusted measure that the Office for National Statistics uses as the denominator in fiscal measures. This box outlined that unusual pattern, how we had factored it into our forecast and the effects it had had on the profile of the debt-to-GDP ratio.

Economy categories: Nominal GDP

Fiscal categories: Public sector net debt, Public sector net borrowing